Search Results

OmniSci Magazine is the University of Melbourne's science magazine, written by students. Read our recent issues and view the magnificent illustrations! Issue 10: Fact & Fiction Cover Art: Anabelle Dewi Saraswati READ NOW Welcome to OmniSci Magazine OmniSci Magazine is a student-led science magazine and social club at UniMelb. We are a group of students passionate about science communication and a platform for students to share their creativity. Read More More from OmniSci Magazine Previous Issues Illustration by Anabelle Dewi Saraswati READ ISSUE 9 National Science Week 'SCIENCE IS EVERYWHERE' PHOTO/ART COMPETITION VIEW SUBMISSIONS

< Back to Print Editions Print Edition 3: Issue 7, 8 and 9 2024/2025 ABOUT THIS EDITION OmniSci Magazine is driven by an ardent community of not solely scientists, but writers, artists, innovators and beyond; all who are united by their passion for science communication. Integrating interdisciplinary expertise, contributors seek to engage fellow students and the general public in scientific discussions. To spark such a discourse is to celebrate the beauty and dissonance embedded in science, holding space for disagreement and paving a path forward towards discovery. The creation of Issue 7: Apex , Issue 8: Enigma and Issue 9: Entwined over 2024 and 2025 has seen contributors create ever more thoughtful, informative and intriguing content, aiming to make the innovations of science readily accessible, yet duly nuanced to the public. With diverse written and visual formats, our contributors have formed a body of work that seeks to captivate and question. We are extremely proud to share this collection and hope that whether you leave with one more question answered or one more curiosity sparked, we have succeeded in our aims. FEATURED ISSUES Issue 7: Apex This issue surveys our world from above. So come along, and revel in the expansive view. Issue 8: Enigma This issue unspools the long-hidden threads in science. Come make sense of the puzzles and mysteries with us! Or perhaps, leave just as addled. Issue 9: Entwined This issue takes a moment to revel in the science that surrounds us. Come walk the tangled paths less followed, who knows what you may come across! PURCHASE A COPY Keen to purchase a copy of the magazine? Click here to do so, at an OmniSci Magazine exclusive price! Alternatively, visit the Science Gallery Melbourne to find our magazines stocked in person. back to print editions

< Back to Print Editions Print Edition 2: Issue 4, 5 and 6 2023/2024 ABOUT THIS EDITION In various languages, the word ‘science’ can be traced back to its Latin origins of simply meaning ‘to know’. Today, explorers, curators, and researchers of scientific knowledge understand this as a systematic acquisition of information, with observations made and theories tested as we try to comprehend our world. For true advancement, science requires reciprocity: the mutual sharing between ‘scientists’ and individuals of society alike. In such a discourse we celebrate the beauty of scientific progress, whilst too holding space for the unease new unknowns can bring. Science communication is how we can continue to alleviate this dissonance, bridging knowledge gaps and seeking scientific understanding for all. The creation of Issue 4: Mirage, Issue 5: Wicked and Issue 6: Elemental over 2023 and 2024 has seen contributors create ever more informative content, aiming to make the innovations of science readily accessible to the public. Through experimenting with new formats, genres and mediums for illustrations, our contributors have formed a body of work that seeks to captivate and question. FEATURED ISSUES Issue 4: Mirage This issue explores the realms of science that are not what they seem. Is that shape in the distance reality or just a figment of your imagination? Issue 5: Wicked This issue spotlights the mischievous, malevolent and morally dubious. Issue 6: Elemental This issue explores the building blocks that comprise the world we live in. PURCHASE A COPY Keen to purchase a copy of the magazine? Click here to do so, at an OmniSci Magazine exclusive price! Alternatively, visit the Science Gallery Melbourne to find our magazines stocked in person. back to print editions

Issue 10: Fact & Fiction 2 June 2026 This issue traverses the boundaries of truth, certainty and fabrication. Join us to illuminate the myriad grey space that lies in between. Editorial Shining Light on the Grey by Ingrid Sefton, Kara Miwa-Dale and Anabelle Dewi Saraswati A word from the Editors-in-Chief and some enlightening insights from this Issue's Cover Illustrator Biological evolution That Protein is AI, Dude by KJ Srivastava Move over nature, is artificial intelligence the new apex predator of protein evolution? Determinism and indeterminism Contingent Realities - the (Ph)ailure of a (Ph)act by Edmond Sim From Plato to quantum mechanics, Edmond muses whether objective facts truly exist — or if reality depends on who's observing it. Climate change To Prevent Climate Catastrophe, Keep Reading by Madeleine Kelly Madeleine argues its time to rewrite the landscape of climate fiction from one of impending doom into one of hope and action. Paleontological reconstructions Terrible Lizards and their Terrible Reconstructions by Kaya Czerwinska A flying Stegosaurus, upside-down Hallucigenias: Kaya revisits palaeontology's most delightfully bizarre mistakes. Traditional Chinese medicine The Human Body: A Portrait Painted by a Thousand Minds by Isaac Tian Isaac examines how different cultures have attempted to answer the same timeless question: how does the human body truly work? Neuroscience When Fiction Feels Real: How the Brain Builds Reality by Terra Gi Where does reality exist: in the world, or in our mind? Terra probes how the brain blurs the boundaries of perception and experience. Genetic engineering The Predictions of Genomics: Fictions Once Called Fact by Scarlett Yang Beyond mere educated guesses, precision in scientific prediction is paving the way forward in genomic innovation. Little scientists Young Scientists in the Making by Kacy Toombs Cultivating curiosity in children is not only considerate, but fundamentally scientific, Kacy posits. Biobanks How Population Biobanks Shed Light on Disease by Jason Chien Jason unlocks how biobanks are helping researchers probe new insights into human health and disease. Sex differences Unpacking Myths: Distortions of Sex Differences in Popular Culture by Vicenta Wheatley From dating podcasts to TikTok algorithms: how science on sex differences is simplified, sensationalised, and sold. Time travel Reimagining Time: From Relativity to Wormholes by Zahra Halela If time is relative, bending the bounds of physics and reality, Zahra considers how far-fetched the notion of time-travel really is. Truth under AI Are Truths Possible Under AI? by Vanessa Cheng As AI blurs the line between truth and deception, Vanessa considers how it is changing the way we see the world. Opposites attract Dating Isn’t Physics – Opposites Don’t Attract by Elva Assisan Elva repels the theory that our magnetic pull towards the trope of "opposites attract" is founded in science. Misinformation Fiction Disguised as Fact: The Cost of Scientific Misinformation by Kara Miwa-Dale Vaccines save lives — but as Kara explores, misinformation can undermine them just as powerfully.

Print Editions Explore some of our collected works from across the years and find out how to purchase your own copy of the magazine. Print Edition 2: Issue 4, 5 and 6 2023/2024 Print Edition 3: Issue 7, 8 and 9 2024/2025

Issue 8: Enigma 3 June 2025 This issue unspools the long-hidden threads in science. Come make sense of the puzzles and mysteries with us! Or perhaps, leave just as addled. Editorial Cracking the Code: A Word from the Editors-in-Chief by Ingrid Sefton & Aisyah Mohammad Sulhanuddin A word from our Editors-in-Chief. Facial recognition Friend or Foe?: The Mechanisms Behind Facial Recognition by Mishen De Silva What's in a face? Mishen walks us through the ingenious ways our brains make meaning of the faces we see everyday. Human evolution The Lost Link: A Mystery in Evolution by Eymi Gladys Carcamo Rodriguez The theory of human evolution conjures textbook timelines of ape to man, but as Eymi explores, biology has never been that simple. Celebrity culture Glowing Limelight, Fashioned Stars by Aisyah Mohammad Sulhanuddin Chronically online or not, society sure loves its stars. Aisyah investigates the messy sociology behind our relationships with celebrities in past decades. Astronomy Why Are We So Fascinated by Space? An Exploration of Human’s Fascination with Outer Space by Emily Cahill What make the night sky impossible to ignore? Emily uncovers how culture, commercialisation and science have fuelled our cosmic curiosity. Prehistoric predators Terror Birds: The Discovery of Prolific Hunters by Jason Chien Giant, flightless and carnivorous - Jason pieces together the rise of terror birds as fearsome apex predators Psychology A Psychological ‘Autopsy’ of Ludwig van Beethoven: Dissecting Genius and Madness by Kara Miwa-Dale Elusive and erudite, even beyond the grave. Dissect the inner world of Beethoven with Kara - when can we call genius, madness? Fungi Fungal Pac Man by Ksheerja Srivastava No matter how good of a gamer you are, Ksheerja proves why biosensensing fungi should be crowned as our worlds best Pac-Man player. Dreams In Your Dreams: Unpacking the Stories of Your Slumber by Ciara Dahl Where do our minds go every night? Ciara explores the mysterious science best theories behind dreaming Neurology Functional Neurological Disorder by Esme MacGillivray What if your nervous system just stopped working? Esme explains FND, and how it affects someone, beyond symptoms. Slime moulds Thinking Outside the Body: The Consciousness of Slime Moulds by Jessica Walton I think, therefore I am... a slime mould? Jess ponders whether this humble, single cell protist may exhibit conciousness without a brain. Psychadelics Life Story of a Drug by Elijah McEvoy From 'Bicycle Day' to brain receptors, Elijah takes us on a trip through the enigmatic origins, uses and psychadelic effects of LSD. Gut microbiome Microbic Mirror of The Self by Sarah Ibrahimi Microbes: Humanities greatest enemy or our best friend? Sarah explores the relationship between the gut microbiome and our health. Infantile amnesia Mental Time Travel: How Far Can I Remember? by Sophie Potvin Step inside the hippocampus, as Sophie illustrates the mechanisms of memory formation and our power to make the past come alive again. Consciousness A Headspace of One’s Own by Andrew Irvin At what point does a computer become conscious? Andrew delves into technology that blurs the line between artificial intelligence and the human brain. Prejudice in Science What Do Women Want? by Madeleine Kelly The question we should be asking is not what we know, but what we don't know about women.

Issue 9: Entwined 28 October 2025 This issue takes a moment to revel in the science that surrounds us. Come walk the tangled paths less followed, who knows what you may come across! Editorial Unravelling the Threads: From the Editors-in-Chief & Cover Illustrator by Ingrid Sefton, Aisyah Mohammad Sulhanuddin & Anabelle Dewi Saraswati A word from the Editors-in-Chief, and fascinating insights into this issue's cover. Knot theory Knot Theory and Its Applications. Why Knot? by Ryan Rud Untangle the knot theory with Ryan to reveal the role of this mathematical marvel in our everyday life. Hugging Entwined: A Hug Story by Elise Volpato Embrace the physiology, psychology and cultural complexities of hugs, as Elise opens us up to their undeniable benefits. Geological time periods Enter . . . the Anthropocene? by Rita Fortune Rita digs into questions of how and where we can draw a line in the sand, in attempts to disentangle a new geological time period. Cosmic matter The Cosmos in Our Palms: A Reflection of Our Cosmic Origins by Mishen De Silva Gain a new appreciation with Mishen of how the beauty and mystery of the cosmos is not just among us, but within us. Humans of UniMelb Rewilding Our Cities with Dr Kylie Soanes by Ciara Dahl Uncover life behind and between the concrete jungle, as Ciara talks all things urban ecology with Dr Kylie Soanes. Brain connectome Conferring with Consciousness by Ingrid Sefton Me, myself and my brain - Ingrid traverses the neural paths that comprise the conscious experience. Journey of food The Life of Matcha by Kara Miwa-Dale Delicately grown, globally consumed: Kara evaluates the intersection of matcha's deep-rooted social importance with physical health and current trends. Gunpowder Ancient Asian Alchemy: Big Booms by Isaac Tian Aiming for immortality, landing at gunpowder? Isaac explores how a quest for life is fundamentally entangled in the alchemy of gunpowder. Classical biology Eyeballs, a Knife, and No Fear of God by Jess Walton Travel back in time with Jess to meet the early anatomists who helped pioneer the arduous and neverending human quest to seek answers from deep within ourselves. Literally speaking, that is. Axolotls Axolotl: The Little God of the Lake by Danny He Dive into the history, habitat, and hardhsips of your favourite frilly friends. Axolotls are so much more than a cute face, and time may be running out to save them. Camouflage Living Pixels by KJ Srivastava Uncovering the science behind camouflaging creatures that have no eyes makes this trick no less magical, as KJ reveals. Pacific Island futures Human-Cetacean Relations by Andrew Irvin Taking us to Tonga, Andrew tells a tale of a musician swimming between the worlds of communication, marine science and a future for Pacific Islands. Philosophy of science It’s Dangerous to Go Alone by Julia Lockerd Join Julia to debate the importance of epistemic and social relationships in the development of modern science. Perceptions of time Time Perception – The Chaos Binding Your World Together by Furqan Mohsin Spend a moment with Furqan considering how our perception of time strings us together, yet fundamentally pulls us apart.

< Back to Issue 10 That Protein is AI, Dude by KJ Srivastava 2 June 2026 Illustrated by Ciara Dahl Edited by Aimee Fogarty-Bennett For decades, scientists used a glowing jellyfish protein called Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to light up living cells. This protein emits a bright green light when exposed to UV light, and is used to visibly ‘tag’ cells for all sorts of experiments. Then, researchers used AI to generate a protein that serves the same function. And… it worked? The resulting protein, esmGFP, is so different from known natural fluorescent proteins that researchers compare the gap between them to roughly half a billion years of evolution. This protein is widely marketed as ‘AI simulating evolution’; but how much evolution is actually happening here, how does this work, and why is this being AI generated a big deal? Before this, evolution was the only protein designer we had. A jellyfish glows because evolution happened to stumble onto a protein called GFP that can absorb and emit light (1). Over millions of years, random mutations, that is, changes in DNA, slightly altered proteins. Natural selection, however, kept the versions that still worked. In the same sense, biology uses trial and error to build things, and nature keeps what works. This means every protein on earth is part of a gigantic, evolutionary family tree. Scientists can compare proteins by looking at sequence identity (2) – the percentage of amino acids that match between two proteins. Usually, closely related proteins have similar sequences and similar functions. The farther apart two proteins are evolutionarily, the more likely the chemistry fails and the protein stops functioning entirely. If you try to mutate or engineer a protein to match the function of a very different, distantly related protein, the chemistry is highly likely to fail. Because their sequences and structures have drifted too far apart, you can't easily swap parts or force them to interact without losing the necessary biochemical function! Why? Proteins are unbelievably sensitive to shape. They are made up of units called amino acids, and only work if they fold into an extremely precise and stable 3D structure. A few bad mutations can completely ruin the fold. Some examples of this in humans are cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's, Sickle Cell Anaemia, and Huntington’s (3). The model researchers used to generate this protein is called ESM3 (4). It was trained on enormous databases of natural proteins, like a large language mode (LLM), but for biology. ChatGPT predicts plausible next words. ESM3 predicts plausible amino acids, structures and functions. Give it part of a protein sequence and it can iteratively fill in the gaps, adjusting the molecule until the chemistry and structure begin to make sense together. One of these generated proteins is esmGFP! Now this is when stuff starts getting really weird: esmGFP shares around 58% sequence identity with the closest natural fluorescent protein. In evolutionary terms, that is an enormous gap. For context, you share 60% of your DNA with a banana (5). No, I’m not lying to you. This is an astonishing number, and researchers estimate the difference could correspond to roughly half a billion years of evolution. After reading the frankly ridiculous 58% number, I immediately thought that's weird. It is, in fact, comical to assume that a machine that only has 58% of the parts of another would behave in the same way. It's the same in biology. Normally proteins that are this different are not expected to behave in the same way. Proteins are incredibly dependent on structure, and structure depends on sequence! Change too much and the entire fold usually destabilises – the protein misfolds, clumps together or just stops working. The fact that esmGFP can glow is even weirder. Forgive the ‘nerd talk’ that will take over the rest of the paragraph, but glowing for a protein is not an easy feat. GFP glows because part of the protein folds inward and creates a tiny chemical structure called a chromophore (6). Inside this pocket, three amino acids – serine, tyrosine, and glycine – react together to form a ring-like structure capable of absorbing and emitting light. In other words, the amino acids all need to be at the right angles, surrounding proteins need to stabilise the structure, the fold has to protect the chromatophore from the outside environment, and more. A model, without simulating any atoms like a physics engine, iteratively predicted something that works out. This is fascinating because the AI model appears to have internalised some of the deeper rules that connect protein sequence to behaviour – rules that even biologists still don’t fully understand. Moreover, scientists can explain how esmGFP functions chemically. They can map the fold. They can identify the chromophore. They can experimentally confirm that the protein fluoresces. But they can’t explain how artificial intelligence made it to this protein. Inside models like ESM3, there's still a major interpretability problem for scientists and biologists. The model learned from huge amounts of biological data and somehow developed an internal representation of what ‘working proteins’ look like; however, that representation is mostly hidden from us. The logic the model used to navigate this protein space and propose sequences that evolution may never have encountered at all is a black box (7). Maybe biology has a hidden schema where functional proteins follow deeper statistical or geometric rules. A schema which AI models can learn before we can clearly articulate it ourselves. Nature is an incredible engineer, but it's also deeply conservative. Evolution does not search for the best possible molecule, only whatever is good enough to survive right now. If a protein helps an organism reproduce, it stays. If not, it disappears. As a result, biology is full of accidents and compromises. Proteins can be inefficient, unstable, or bizarrely complex simply because evolution had no reason, or no viable path, to improve them further. AI hence creates a different approach to biological design. Instead of searching nature for useful molecules, researchers can generate proteins tailored to human needs: enzymes that break down plastic, proteins that capture carbon more efficiently, medicines aimed at specific targets, or even synthetic underwater adhesives inspired by mussels and barnacles (8) (find the link to this incredibly cool project here !). The deepest implication of this discovery is philosophical; life on earth is a sample size of one. This means everything we call “biology” comes from the same evolutionary tree, shaped by chance, constraint, and what was “good enough” to survive. esmGFP works, even with a sequence drifted far from known fluorescence proteins. Unsettlingly enough, maybe life isn’t defined by specific molecules at all, but by the rules that make those molecules work. Thank you for reading and I hope I could convince you that esmGFP matters beyond “AI made a glowing thing.” Check it out and play with esm yourself here ! References University of Queensland. How the jellyfish revolutionised brain science. 2020. https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/nature-discovery/how-jellyfish-revolutionised-brain-science RCSB Protein Data Bank. Data P. Sequence Similarity Search. 2017. https://www.rcsb.org/docs/search-and-browse/advanced-search/sequence-similarity-search Valastyan JS, Lindquist S. Mechanisms of protein-folding diseases at a glance. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2014;7(1):9–14. doi: 10.1242/dmm.013474 EvolutionaryScale. Evolutionaryscale.ai . 2024. https://www.evolutionaryscale.ai/ Pfizer. How Genetically Related Are We to Bananas? Pfizer. 2022. https://www.pfizer.com/news/articles/how_genetically_related_are_we_to_bananas Craggs TD. Green fluorescent protein: structure, folding and chromophore maturation. Chemical Society Reviews. 2009;38(10):2865. doi: 10.1039/b903641p Kosinski M. What is black box artificial intelligence (AI)? IBM. 2024. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/black-box-ai Liao H, Hu S, Yang H, Wang L, Tanaka S, Takigawa I, et al. Data-driven de novo design of super-adhesive hydrogels. Nature. 2025;644(8075):89–95. doi: 10.1039/b903641p Previous article back to Fact & Fiction Next article

< Back to Issue 10 To Prevent Climate Catastrophe, Keep Reading by Madeleine Kelly 2 June 2026 Illustrated by Kylie Wang Edited by Nushi Singh SPOILERS AHEAD: The Ministry for the Future, Strange World You’d be forgiven for thinking the world is ending. I’ve thought it’s happening too. As a climate science student who has left lectures in tears and had to put a cap on how many times I check the news, I often feel anxious for what the future will hold. What really frustrates me though, is that when I sit down to tune out the horrors, I’m presented with the same looming catastrophe in books and movies. Ecological collapse, war, deadly diseases and extreme weather events not only dominate our daily headlines, but also our entertainment. The way we imagine the future in fiction is too often bleak and dystopian. Stories like 1984 , The Hunger Games or The Handmaid’s Tale predict a future where ecological collapse has led to oppressive control by totalitarian governments (1, 2, 3). In Mad Max and Waterworld it has left us hunting each other for sport (4, 5). Eco-fascists destroy worlds in Snowpiercer (6) ; sea level rise has inundated Melbourne’s poorest in The Sea and Summer (7); and collective inaction leads to the literal end of the world in Don’t Look Up (8). Everywhere you look, the apocalypse is inescapable. Even comical stories like Sharknado forecast that devastating climate change is inevitable and will leave humanity scrambling to survive (9). We can’t catch a break. If this is all we can tell of our future, then this is cause for concern. Stories are more than just entertainment – they have real world impact. Science fiction, in particular, has already changed the world countless times over. Video phone calls, automatic sliding doors and self-driving cars are amongst the dozens of inventions inspired by the words and worlds of science fiction (10). Fiction can also influence and act as a warning of political and social systems. Cyberpunk as a genre anticipated worlds defined by mass surveillance, corporate greed and societal decay – all of which you can find inside a Coles supermarket today. Stories can become self-fulfilling prophecies. Warnings are all well and good to raise awareness, but when it comes to the climate crisis, we certainly don’t need any more catastrophising. Climate change is recognised as a serious threat to mental health, with eco-anxiety on the rise, especially amongst young people (11,12). In 2021, a survey found that 75% of young people believe the future is “frightening” and more than 50% felt “helpless and powerless” (13). For some, this can encourage them to engage in climate action (14), but for others it can be debilitating. Severe eco-anxiety has been linked to a feeling coined ‘eco-paralysis’, where individuals are too overwhelmed to take action on climate change (15, 16). Disaster and dystopian stories have, ironically, aided this rise of eco-anxiety and inaction. The Day After Tomorrow (2004), arguably the most famous piece of climate fiction, is set in a near future where the North Atlantic Oceanic current has broken down due to climate change, shepherding in an ice age that freezes over New York City (17). While the movie increased awareness and concern over climate change, research found it left audiences unsure of how to act and scared for the future (18, 19). With our crippled imagination for optimistic alternatives, we’re left stranded in the dystopia, watching helplessly as our future is swept away by Sharknado. We need to rewrite the script. Solarpunk, an emerging sci-fi subgenre and social movement, is trying to do just that. Solarpunk stories reject the doomism and imagine futures where humanity has succeeded in warding off devastating climate change. They include stories like Disney’s Strange World where humanity swaps an unsustainable fuel source for renewable energy (20), as well as stories like Arco and A Psalm for the Wild Built where we rely only on green technology, live within our means and rewild most of the planet (21, 22). What makes solarpunk stories so compelling is that they don’t shy away from showing how complex the problem is and how difficult system change can be. The Ministry for the Future by Kim Stanley Robinson centres around an organisation that is formed to protect the rights of future generations from climate change (23). Using different perspectives and writing styles, Robinson explains the science of climate change and the complicated world of climate economics and policy. He illustrates just how much needs to be changed, but without overwhelm. The story does not leave you eco-paralysed. Instead, it acts as a roadmap showing all the possible pathways to a sustainable future. In taking these actions, we not only address climate change, but also the social inequalities that are intertwined with it. The energy transition is complete, and a successful and equitable restructuring of the global economy has abolished billionaires. It’s a future we can look forward to. At their core, solarpunk stories have hope. A realistic hope that we can achieve a sustainable future using the tools we already have. We need this right now, because hope is incredibly useful in inspiring and navigating change. People with higher levels of hope are generally better equipped to navigate traumatic or stressful circumstances (24). Hopeful people are also more likely to engage in pro-environmental behaviour. One study of more than 500 high school students found that students who felt hopeful about the future were more likely to engage in sustainable behaviours (25). While a number of students also exhibited eco-anxiety, the study concluded that hope was the stronger predictor for actually taking action. If dystopian stories are becoming a self-fulling prophecy, I’m willing to bet – and science is too – that if we tell them, the same could be true for stories of ecological and societal care. The main challenge here is that these stories remain niche. Like most climate fiction, they often only circulate within audiences already concerned about environmental issues, rather than reaching people who are disengaged from or hostile towards climate action (26). This is precisely why these stories need to become more visible. To normalise this future, more of us need to be creating and consuming solarpunk stories. Preventing the climate apocalypse requires you to pick up a book or watch a movie. The stories we tell today shape the world we build tomorrow. So, let them be stories of hope. References Orwell G. 1984 . Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd; 1949. Collins S. The Hunger Games . Scholastic Press; 2008. Atwood M. The Handmaid’s Tale . McClelland & Stewart; 1985. Miller G. Mad Max . Roadshow Film Distributors; 1979. Reynolds K. Waterworld . Universal Pictures; 1995. Ho BJ. Snowpiercer . CJ Entertainment; 2013. Turner G. The Sea and Summer. Faber & Faber; 1987. McKay A. Don’t Look Up . Netflix; 2021. Ferrante AC. Sharknado . The Asylum and Syfy Films; 2013. BBC News. Science fact: Sci-fi inventions that became reality. 2016. Accessed May 24 2026. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-38026393 Clayton S, Karazsia BT. Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. Journal of Environmental Psychology . 2020;69:101434. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101434 Passmore H, Lutz PK, Howell AJ. Eco-Anxiety: A Cascade of Fundamental Existential Anxieties. Journal of Constructivist Psychology . 2020;36(2):138-153. doi:10.1080/10720537.2022.2068706 Hickman C, Marks E, Pihkala P, et al. Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey. Lancet Planet Health . 2021;5:e863-73. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00278-3 Verplanken B, Marks E, Dobromir AI. On the nature of eco-anxiety: How constructive or unconstructive is habitual worry about global warming? Journal of Environmental Psychology . 2020;72:101528. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101528 Innocenti M, Santarelli G, Lombardi GS, et al. How Can Climate Change Anxiety Induce Both Pro-Environmental Behaviours and Eco-Paralysis? The Mediating Role of General Self-Efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2023;20(4):3085. doi:10.3390/ijerph20043085 Leger-Goodes T, Malboeuf-Hurtubise C, Mastine T, Généreux M, Paradis P, Camden C. Eco-anxiety in children: A scoping review of the mental health impacts of the awareness of climate change. Frontiers in Psychology . 2022;13:872544. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872544 Emmerich R. The Day After Tomorrow . 20th Century Fox; 2004. Svoboda, M. The lingering influence of ‘Day After Tomorrow’. Yale Climate Connections. 2014. Accessed May 24 2026. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2014/11/the-long-melt-the-lingering-influence-of-the-day-after-tomorrow/ Lowe T, Brown K, Dessai S, Doria MF, Haynes K, Vincent K. Does tomorrow ever come? Disaster narrative and public perceptions of climate change. Public Understanding of Science . 2006;15(4):435-457. doi:10.1177/0963662506063796 Hall D. Strange World . Walt Disney Studios and Motion Pictures; 2022. Bienvenu U. Arco . Diaphana Distribution; 2025. Chambers B. A Psalm for the Wild Built . Tor Books; 2021. Robinson KS. The Ministry for the Future . Orbit Books; 2021. Ritschel LA, Cassiello-Robbons C. Hope and depression and personality disorders. Current Opinion in Psychology . 2023;49:101507. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101507 Finnegan W. Educating for hope and action competence: a study of secondary school students and teachers in England. Environmental Education Research . 2022;29:1617-1636. doi:10.1080/13504622.2022.2120963 Schneider-Mayerson M. The Influence of Climate Fiction: An Empirical Survey of Readers. Environmental Humanities . 2018;10(2):473-500. doi: 10.1215/22011919-7156848 Previous article back to Fact & Fiction Next article

< Back to Issue 10 How Population Biobanks Shed Light on Disease by Jason Chien 2 June 2026 Illustrated by Chris Cao Edited by Cady Jacobson Imagine yourself as a researcher. Perhaps your work requires biological samples from a rare disease, but finding and collecting these samples from patients is difficult. Or maybe your research depends on comparing a person’s current cell or tissue data to what it was ten years ago, but you cannot afford to wait a decade. Thankfully, there are biobanks: specialised facilities that store biological samples and other relevant medical information from donors, while also distributing samples to researchers regardless of where they are based. Biobanks also act as data custodians, de-identifying and anonymising patient information. In addition, they work with Institutional Review Boards (essentially, university or agency ethics boards) to review the merits of each access request before deciding whether to deliver samples to applicants (1). For some biobanks and sample types, samples can even be returned after being used for research (2). There are biobanks storing non-human data, such as the Svalbard Global Seed Vault or Australia’s Victorian Conservation Seedbank, which store viable seeds of many plant species and their various strains (3). Even within biomedical biobanks, they vary in the types of samples stored and by extension, their intended and fulfilled functions, as well as why they were built (4).There are disease-specific biobanks storing samples relevant to specific diseases; for example, a cardiovascular biobank that specialises in storing tissue immediately following a patient’s death, such that it can be used for physiological studies (2). However, this article will focus specifically on population biobanks, a subset of biomedical biobanks, in the context of disease investigation. Ethical issues surrounding biobanking will not be a major focus, including matters such as how sample donors provide consent for the use of their samples during research (4). Population biobanks store tissue samples, plus health and personal information of donors. Large sites have sample counts ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions (1). Population biobanks aim to have enough samples to represent the huge variation among a region or country’s population, and store many parameters of each sample donor, such as lifestyle data (e.g. cardiovascular disease or smoking status) and omics data (5). Biomedical scientists study many aspects of what goes on in human cells and tissues, down to the molecular level, due to their relevance for our understanding of disease. These factors include our genetic makeup, regulation and expression of genes, as well as the effects of environmental factors and metabolism (6). In such omics approaches, our existing knowledge of the complete set of genes in species such as humans allows information from an individual’s own genome to be generated and then compared or combined with data from other individuals. This gives rise to approaches such as genomics (concerning genes), proteomics (concerning proteins) and metabolomics (concerning molecules involved in metabolism). Large subsets of this data from individuals, as well as population-level variations associated with specific diseases, can be used for research. For example, the number of genes involved in cancer alone can easily exceed thousands (7). Large sample quantities allow researchers doing many different investigations to identify factors correlated with disease resistance and susceptibility to many diseases (1). This complements methods of investigating disease mechanisms involving specific genes and molecules by helping researchers identify candidate genes and molecules for further investigation. As a consequence, many samples in population biobanks are actually from healthy donors rather than hospital patients (5). Beyond providing samples, some of these large biobanks are also direct providers of omics data. While biobanks are not necessary for generating omics data from one or a few individuals, they enable the collection of data from enough samples to represent the diversity of the population and capture variants as rare as those in 0.1% of the population (6). Because of rigorous sample processing and quality control procedures standardised across biobanks, the omics data generated from samples collected by different biobanks can also be more easily combined by researchers to yield insights (1). Furthermore, as new higher-resolution biotechnology develops, they can be used to investigate samples collected in the past (1). For example, the UK biobank enrolled 500,000 participants for its first cohort in 2006, collecting blood, urine, and saliva samples, in addition to substantial lifestyle data and physical measurements for each participant (5). Though there is no flashy silver-bullet discovery like penicillin directly resulting from the biobank, it has greatly increased our knowledge of which genes and proteins to target when designing new drugs, along with which genetic variants increase our predisposition to a range of diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (8). Population biobanks are huge, long-term investments. For example, funding from the UK government and various non-profits for the UK biobank have exceeded £90 million British Pounds from its inception to 2014 (1). Reasons for their construction include understanding the mechanisms of disease, translating research into interventions, improving health outcomes, and promoting biotechnology (1). Population biobanks that are able to effectively engage sample donors can generate population data to support research into diseases that most heavily affect a country (1). The majority of the world’s biobank datasets are still composed primarily of individuals with white Northern European ancestry (9), and using data from one population can be significantly less effective for identifying risk factors in another population. This limitation serves as a driver for developing countries to build their own population biobanks (9). Part of the reason most biobanks are built is to serve as a national public good, with data made accessible to both academic researchers at affordable rates and to industry researchers (1, 10). Large population biobanks are usually run as a public entity or as public-private partnerships with a large proportion of public funding (10). In fact, even with cost recovery measures that charge users for accessing biobank samples — often with higher rates for industry researchers — revenues still fall below operating costs (1). That said, biobanks create benefits beyond their own countries, and multinational collaborations have expanded their scale and reach (1), allowing researchers to access omics data and request samples from biobanks overseas. With biobanking infrastructures in place, multinational collaborations have emerged that facilitate data sharing between research institutions across different countries through consortia – formal collaborations between participating institutions that establish common research goals and reduce competition over the use of specialised facilities (11). In other words, they seek to minimise situations in which multiple research groups inadvertently work on the exact same project, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources. One example is the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). This agreement creates a collaboration framework for data exchange in around 200 large-scale cancer research projects, with participating biobanks from Europe, China, Australia, USA, and other countries. Participating biobanks include large population biobanks, but also other types such as disease-specific biobanks (12). To finalise, biobanks are not simply a place where biological samples are stored. They are dynamic entities that can be scaled up and down, places where samples are sent in and out, and they face financial pressures as national research priorities change. They are places where innovation occurs in a wide range of areas, from cryostorage to management of digital information. The power of population biobanks and their research potential lies in their cohort sizes. Hopefully, biobanks will continue to generate valuable new discoveries as newly established cohorts around the world begin to mature. References Chalmers D, Nicol D, Kaye J. et al. Has the biobank bubble burst? Withstanding the challenges for sustainable biobanking in the digital era. BMC Med Ethics. 2016;17(1):39. doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0124-2. PMID: 27405974; PMCID: PMC4941036. Yamada, K.A., Patel, A.Y., Ewald, G.A. et al . How to Build an Integrated Biobank: The Washington University Translational Cardiovascular Biobank & Repository Experience. Clinical And Translational Science . 2013;6(3):226-231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12032 Seed deposit at Doomsday Vault ensures Australia’s plant future. ABC News. 2018 Mar 1. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-01/australia-makes-deposit-in-to-doomsday-vault-to-ensure-survival/9496308 De Souza, Yvonne G.; Greenspan, John S. Biobanking past, present and future: responsibilities and benefits. AIDS. 2013 ; 27(3):303-312. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835c1244 Busby H, Martin P. Biobanks, national identity and imagined communities: The case of UK biobank. Science as Culture. 2006 Sep;15(3):237–51. doi:10.1080/09505430600890693 Murtagh, M.J., Demir, I., Harris, J.R. et al. Realizing the promise of population biobanks: a new model for translation. Hum Genet . 2011;130:333–345. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-011-1036-3 Ferolito BR, Dashti H, Giambartolomei C, Peloso GM, Golden DJ, Gravel-Pucillo K, et al. Leveraging large-scale biobanks for therapeutic target discovery. Human Genetics and Genomics Advances. 2026 Jan;7(1):100556. doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2025.100556 Szustakowski JD, Balasubramanian S, Kvikstad E, Khalid S, Bronson PG, Sasson A, et al. Advancing human genetics research and drug discovery through exome sequencing of the UK Biobank. Nat Genet. 2021 Jul;53(7):942–8. doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00885-0 Rudan I, Marušić A, Campbell H. Developing biobanks in developing countries. J Glob Health. 2011 Jun;1(1):2–4. PubMed PMID: 23198094; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3484738. Caulfield T, Burningham S, Joly Y, Master Z, Shabani M, Borry P, et al. A review of the key issues associated with the commercialization of biobanks. Journal of Law and the Biosciences. 2014 Mar 1;1(1):94–110. doi:10.1093/jlb/lst004 Nature Index. 2021. How to be part of a research consortium. Available from: https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/how-to-be-part-of-a-research-consortium Hudson (Chairperson) TJ, Anderson W, Aretz A, Barker AD, Bell C, Bernabé RR, et al. International network of cancer genome projects. Nature. 2010 Apr;464(7291):993–8. doi:10.1038/nature08987 Previous article back to Fact & Fiction Next article

< Back to Issue 10 Reimagining Time: From Relativity to Wormholes by Zahra Halela 2 June 2026 Illustrated by Saraf Ishmam Edited by Thanishka Rajmohan Time is a social construct. It interweaves itself into the very fabric of humanity as a rigid structure that does not allow for tardiness. It creates and constrains, and at its essence, it controls. When viewed through a scientific lens, time is a fundamental physical dimension. It exists independently, within a fourth dimension invisible to the eye. It is not universal either – it passes at different rates according to speed and gravity. Is it truly too far-fetched to stretch and warp the limits of time itself, to imagine time that exists beyond the present, and into the past or future? One such consideration comes from the mathematical equation that describes how things change over time. Here, time is a quantity, often referred to as coordinate time. Coordinates are often thought to have direct and measurable quantities, as in, for every input of x there is an output of y . Special relativity, however, reaches beyond the limitations that direct coordinates constrain us to, and instead posits that these measurements’ results are dependent on the motion of an observer. Essentially, they conclude that absolute space and time are, in fact, products of fiction (1). Special relativity, then, can be harnessed in the understanding of time travel into the future. Another possibility is one presented by a well-known film, Christopher Nolan’s Interstellar . In Interstellar , a different type of relativity is explored, namely general relativity, which contemplates the confounding query of how time travel into the past can be feasible. General relativity is a theory proposed by Einstein which interweaves time, gravity and space (2). While special relativity does acknowledge the connectedness of space and time, general relativity is able to tie in the fundamental ‘force’ of gravity as something that is not a force, but in fact a warping of spacetime. Essentially, general relativity propounds that massive objects are able to distort the relationship between space and time, which is a key concept in the film (3). Nevertheless, general relativity has its limitations, in that it fails to incorporate quantum physics and Mach’s principles (4). Thus, if general relativity still requires further modifications to be irrefutable and robust, then other possibilities must be considered for time travel to come to fruition in the future. One potential mechanism is the existence of wormholes. Wormholes are tunnels within spacetime that connect parts of the universe through a certain type of warping, its theoretical background aligning heavily with general relativity (5). This then begs the question – can wormholes provide a satisfactory solution for time travel? The answer is slightly more complicated than merely a yes or a no. If one were to consider travel between two distances, a wormhole seems to be the perfect answer, theoretically. Not only do they facilitate time travel between galaxies, but also allow for interterrestrial communication within parallel universes (6). On a more practical note, however, wormholes still have a marginally long way to go before a substantial discovery is made to turn a complex theory into fact. References Bertschinger E. Coordinates and proper time. Accessed April 6, 2026. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-224-exploring-black-holes-general-relativity-astrophysics-spring-2003/3982882af388dae3407906357a419cba_coordsproptime.pdf Buzzo D. Time Travel: Time Dilation. Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. 2014 . doi: 10.14236/EWIC/EVA2014.21 . Dutfield S, Bartels M, Tillman NT. What is the theory of general relativity? Understanding Einstein’s space-time revolution | Space. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Palomo MU. Einstein’s theoretical failures of General Relativity. Independent physics. December 2, 2023. Accessed May 13, 2026. https://independentphysics.com/einsteins-failures-of-general-relativity-gravitational-potential-energy-and-machs-principle/ Aichelburg PC. Wormholes and time travel. In: Vol 504. AIP. 2000;504(1):1111-1112. doi: 10.1063/1.1290914 . Morris MS, Thorne KS, Yurtsever U. Wormholes, time machines, and the weak energy condition. Phys Rev Lett . 1988;61(13):1446-1449. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446 . Previous article back to Fact & Fiction Next article

< Back to Issue 10 Terrible Lizards and their Terrible Reconstructions by Kaya Czerwinska 2 June 2026 Illustrated by Esme MacGillivray Edited by Vicenta Wheatley This comes as a surprise to nobody, but it isn't the easiest task in the world to figure out an extinct creature’s appearance, habitat and behaviour from a few bones. Our understanding of animals is constantly evolving with new discoveries and technology, much like the species themselves. Yet, no matter how cunning we are to glean all kinds of fascinating history about those who lived so long before us, we humans can't always get it right. Let’s take a walk down memory lane to look at some of history’s more eccentric paleontological reconstructions! Stegosaurus Figure 1 W.H. Ballou’s Vision of a Flying Stegosaurus. Note. Image reproduced from (3). Stegosaurus is one of the more well-known dinosaurs and can be easily spotted among a child’s plastic figurine set. When presented with something Stegosaurus -shaped, one is left with very little doubt in their mind that it is, indeed, a Stegosaurus . There’s no modern animal quite like it. However, this distinctness is exactly what gave scientists trouble when they first discovered it. More specifically, why did it have plates on its body, and where were they supposed to go? Othniel Charles Marsh, the paleontologist who discovered it, initially believed that the plates sat flat over its back like armour or roof tiles (1). This is where its name, which translates to ‘roofed lizard’, came from. The confusion did not end after realising the plates were supposed to stand upright, though. Imaginations ran wild as their function remained unclear. One 1912 edition of the Cincinnati Enquirer claimed that they were used for defence against predators, calling Stegosaurus the ‘most grotesque animal’ and ‘a freak of nature’ (2). Another article, written by William Hosea Ballou, was published in the Ogden Standard-Examiner in 1920, suggesting that it used its plates like wings for gliding or flight (3). This was considered absurd even for the time, but was certainly charming to picture. To this day, what our spiky friends used their plates for is up for debate. Some of the more recent hypotheses are that they assisted with regulating temperature or colourful displays, which have been supported by the discovery of channels inside the plates that might have held blood vessels (4). However, even once we conclusively figure out what their true function was, flying Stegosaurus will remain a whimsical and creative interpretation. Elasmosaurus Figure 2 Cope’s Initial Reconstruction of Elasmosaurus with its Head on the Wrong End. Note. Image reproduced from (5). Sometimes, one can get so distracted by workplace drama that they can’t make head nor tail of the work they’re supposed to be doing - literally. This was the case for Edward Drinker Cope, a rival of Othniel Charles Marsh (who described Stegosaurus ). Both paleontologists competed to discover more new species, often criticising and even sabotaging each other’s work. In 1869, Cope attempted to describe a new marine creature called Elasmosaurus , which had four flippers and a long neck, almost like the Loch Ness monster (5). Unfortunately, he made one crucial error. In his reconstruction, he had mistakenly attached the head to the tail end instead of the neck. While it was quickly pointed out and fixed, Cope’s blunder was much to the amusement of Marsh, who frequently mentioned it in order to call Cope a ‘careless’ scientist who rushed his work (6). People tend to use this moment as an example of the many insults and arguments Marsh and Cope threw at each other during their lifelong feud. However, an animal like Elasmosaurus had not been seen before, and it’s very common for lizards to have long tails. Deciding that the longer end must be the tail wouldn’t have been a completely unreasonable guess at the time. At the end of the day, it’s important to remember that paleontologists during their time were working from much less information than we have today. Hallucigenia Figure 3. Initial Reconstruction of Hallucigenia Walking Using Spines. Note. Image reproduced from (7). Hallucigenia ’s name means ‘hallucination’ or ‘dream producer’, which is a good indicator of the experience scientists had while attempting to figure this creature out. It lived around 505 million years ago during the Cambrian era, a time when evolution was being particularly experimental (7). All kinds of strange, worm-like creatures were wandering the ocean floor, and many of them were very small. This certainly doesn’t help scientists trying to interpret the vague and cryptic shapes these animals can create when they become fossils. The first proposed idea about Hallucigenia was that it moved on a set of stiff, straight legs, with tentacles coming out of its back (8). If that wasn’t confusing enough, there was also a mysterious stain near one end of the initial fossil’s body, prompting debate about which side was the head. The mystery was finally solved when a second specimen was discovered, sitting in the rock at a different angle that allowed its legs to be seen more clearly. The ‘legs’ were actually spines on its back, and its real legs were the ‘tentacles’ (9). Scientists had been looking at it upside-down the whole time. While we finally know roughly what it looked like, Hallucigenia continues to be somewhat of an enigma to this day, with many things left to figure out about its place in the tree of life and its relatedness to other species. Oviraptor Figure 4. Oviraptor Embryo from Flaming Cliffs. Note. Image reproduced from (12). As a fossilised animal’s behaviour can’t be observed in action, scientists often rely on context clues from the environment that the fossil was found in. This was the case for a dinosaur discovered on top of a nest of fossilised eggs in 1924. The new species was named Oviraptor , meaning ‘egg thief’, in reference to the belief that it preyed on the eggs of another dinosaur called Protoceratops (10). However, some later analyses revealed that Oviraptor didn’t have teeth well-suited for eating eggs, and probably didn’t include them in its diet (11). It was later discovered that the eggs from the original specimen contained not Protoceratops , but baby Oviraptor embryos - Oviraptor had been framed for eating its own children (12). While the mistake has been rectified for several decades by now, it is still food for thought that humanity’s first instinct was to assume this dinosaur was hunting the eggs and not incubating them. There has, first through our knowledge gaps and later through pop culture portrayals, persisted an idea of dinosaurs as nothing more than scaly, destructive beasts. Dinosaurs are unintelligent and run purely on impulse. Dinosaurs kill on sight. Dinosaurs would never take care of their children. Yet, they did. Humans are not the only animals capable of caring or compassionate acts, and Oviraptor is a reminder to be careful of anthropocentrism. Woolly Rhinoceros Figure 5. Reconstruction of the ‘Unicorn’ by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Note. Image reproduced from (13). Almost the holy grail of paleontological blunders is the Magdeburg Unicorn. Not knowing how to put together a Woolly Rhinoceros skeleton is understandable, but this specific reconstruction of one has many notable issues, including a lack of back legs and a completely missing torso. The glaring inaccuracies can be attributed to the fact that the fossil was discovered and reconstructed in the 1600s, long before any other examples in this article (13). Paleontology as a discipline was still in its infancy, and beliefs in creatures such as unicorns were still common. Thus, when a number of woolly rhinoceros and woolly mammoth bones were discovered in a cave, inexperience and superstition combined to manifest them into a brand new creature. The origin of the horn is somewhat dubious but was most likely a narwhal tusk (14). As paleontology advanced, the unicorn’s status as a plausible reconstruction gradually slipped away. However, on a bad day, it’s still helpful to picture a living Magdeburg Unicorn frolicking through fields in all its bizarre glory. Perhaps if this article had been written a few years from now, there would be a few new entries about animals that we think we understand well today. The only constant truth in science is that it never stops moving forward. With every step, we leave behind a piece of what we thought the truth was, and it’s only fair to show some appreciation for those who laid the path. However, two things can be true at once. We can respect the hard work of each scientist in history who has made attempts to improve humanity’s understanding of the world around us. And we can also laugh at the fact that in hindsight, many of those attempts turned out to be spectacularly strange. References Marsh OC. A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains. Zenodo [Internet]. 1877 Dec 1; Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/1450038#.YoPJRIjMLrc The Ogden standard-examiner. (Ogden, UT), Aug. 15 1920. https://www.loc.gov/item/sn85058393/1920-08-15/ed-1/ . "Was Most Grotesque Animal" Newspapers.com . The Cincinnati Enquirer, 22 June 1912. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-enquirer-was-most-grotesq/113116207/ . Farlow JO, Hayashi S, Tattersall GJ. Internal vascularity of the dermal plates of Stegosaurus (Ornithischia, Thyreophora). Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 2010 Aug 24;103(2):173–85. Cope ED. The Fossil Reptiles of New Jersey (Continued). The American Naturalist. 1869 Apr 1;3(2):84–91. Davidson JP. Bonehead mistakes: The background in scientific literature and illustrations for Edward Drinker Cope’s first restoration of Elasmosaurus platyurus. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2002 Oct;152(1):215–40. Conway Morris S. A new metazoan from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. Palaeontology. 1977;20(3):623–40. Stephen Jay Gould. Wonderful life : the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. New York: W.W. Norton & Company; 1989. Ramsköld L, Xianguang H. New early Cambrian animal and onychophoran affinities of enigmatic metazoans. Nature. 1991 May;351(6323):225–8. Henry Fairfield Osborn. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates. 1924 Jan 1;144:1–12. Barsbold, R. "Khishchnye dinosavry mela Mongoliy" [Carnivorous Dinosaur of the Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition . 1983 19: 5–119. Norell MA, Clark JM, Demberelyin D, Rhinchen B, Chiappe LM, Davidson AR, et al. A Theropod Dinosaur Embryo and the Affinities of the Flaming Cliffs Dinosaur Eggs. Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):779–82. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Protogaea. University of Chicago Press; 2008. Kolfschoten, Thijs. THE WOOLLY RHINOCEROS FROM SEWECKENBERGE NEAR QUEDLINBURG (GERMANY). 157. 39-48. doi:10.11588/propylaeum.868.c11306. Previous article back to Fact & Fiction Next article